Difference between revisions of "OFDM"

Revision as of 18:20, 27 February 2012

Blind Analysis

• Ning Han, Sung Sohn, Jae Moung, "A Blind OFDM Detection and Identification Method Based on Cyclostationarity for Cognitive Radio Application", IEICE Transactions on Communications, Volume E92-B, Number 6, pp. 2235-2238, June 2009.
  • Find sub-carrier spacing and duration of guard interval.
  • Exploit cyclic prefix and cyclostationarity of OFDM due to transmitter pulse-shaping filter.

DRM

• Digital Radio Mondiale

Most common on HF is:

DRM OFDM signal clearly visible with distinctive sharp drop-off (there is a sonde operating on the lefthand-side too, with decreasing sweep rate)

After capturing a DRM signal from RNZI (above) and calculating the Cyclic Autocorrelation Function (CAF), it is confirmed to be class B:

CAF

Confirmed to be DRM signal due to symmetric peaks at lag 0 (peak at ~21.33, which is un-guarded symbol time)

At lag based on un-guarded symbol time, multiple peaks appear due pulse-shaping filter and multiple symbols in OFDM signal. First peak at ~37.84 Hz = almost 26.6 ms, which is total symbol duration.

The guard interval is the difference between the total symbol duration and the un-guarded symbol time. The sub-carrier spacing is the inverse of the un-guarded symbol time.

Top-down on CAF

Analysis in GNU Radio

Run signal through Fast Auto-Correlation to find un-guarded symbol duration. Set cyclo-lag to this value in samples. Run cyclo'd signal through another Fast Auto-correlation to find total symbol duration (including guard interval) - this is an FFT for (or a 'line' cut out of) one lag in the CAF above.

FAC with first peak at ~21.33 ms (un-guarded symbol time)

Generating the cyclo'd signal simply involves multiplying the signal by a delayed (lagged) version of itself. A new 'Variable Delay' block for GRC allows changing the delay (number of samples) during runtime.

CAF with first peak at ~26.66 ms (total symbol duration)

OFDM Mod GRC block

packet_mod_X(ofdm_mod(<options>)) - argument is 'packet_source'

packet_mod:

grc/grc_gnuradio/blks2/packet.py

packet_utils:

<core>/python/gnuradio/packet_utils.py

packet_mod_X

• Default payload: 512 bytes (if supplied length is default 0, must be multiple of input stream size)
• Input signature: X
• Output signature: inherited from 'packet_source' stream #0 (complex for ofdm)

Starts packet encoder thread that packages incoming data into payload size and submits to 'packet_source' via 'send_pkt' call.

packet_utils.make_packet: preamble, access code, length of payload and CRC, (optionally whitened) payload with CRC-32, end byte.

• 'preamble' is fixed.
• 'access code' can be left as default (customisable preamble)

ofdm_mod:

<core>/python/gnuradio/blks2impl/ofdm.py

_pkt_input (ofdm_mapper_bcv) -> preambles (ofdm_insert_preamble) -> ifft (fft_vcc) -> cp_adder (ofdm_cyclic prefixer) -> scale (multiply_const_cc)

Padded preamble generation (for correlation in time domain):

• zeros_on_left = ceil((FFT length - occupied tones) / 2.0)
• ksfreq = take 'occupied symbols' length from known_symbols_4512_3 (randomly generated fixed list of 1/-1, 4512 items long (=4000+512 ?))
• Each item (offset by zeros_on_left) that has an odd index is zeroed.
• Padded preamble is FFT length, with zeros_on_left, then ksfreq hardcoded symbols, then remaining zeros on right.

ofdm_mapper_bcv: constellation based on modulation, message queue limit (default: 2), occupied tones, FFT length

ofdm_insert_preamble (insert 'pre-modulated' preamble symbols before each payload): FFT length, padded preambles

ofdm_cyclic prefixer (prefix output with CP length from end of input symbols): FFT length, symbol length (= FFT length + cyclic prefix length)

multiply_const_cc: 1.0 / sqrt(FFT length)